What is Chromosome in Class 10 Biology?
What is Chromosome in Class 10 Biology?
What is Chromosome in Class 10 Biology?
One of the most interesting and useful subjects that is there in the course curriculum of students of class 10 is Biology. Whether you want to opt for science in your higher secondary or not it is essential to possess the basic concepts of core subjects like Biology and Physics.
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In today’s blog we cover the topic of chromosome which is one of the important modules in Biology.
The thread-like structures in which DNA is tightly packaged within the nucleus are called chromosomes. Histones which provide structural support are the proteins coiled around DNA.
Chromosomes make sure that DNA is replicated and distributed appropriately during the process of cell division.
There is centromere in each chromosome which divides the chromosome in two sections – the p (short) and the q (long) arm. The centromere is located at the cell’s constriction point which might or might not be the centre of the chromosome.
There is a repetitive nucleotide sequence cap at the end of each chromosome called a telomere. The telomere is a TTAGGG sequence repeated to approximately 15,000 base pairs in the case of vertebrates. These DNA regions serve a critical role of preserving the genomic sequence by protecting the genome from degradation, and inhibiting fusion and chromosomal recombination. These regions are also involved in chromosome organisation within the nucleus.
In human beings, 46 chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs including 22 pairs of chromosomes called autosomes. For the sake of reference, autosomes are labelled 1-22. Each chromosome pair comprises of one chromosome inherited from the mother and one from the father.
In addition to the 22 numbered autosomes, one pair of sex chromosomes called an allosome is present in humans. In place of labelling this pair with numbers they are labelled with letters such as XX and XY. Females have two copies of the X chromosome out of which one is inherited from the mother and one from the father. Males inherit one copy of the X chromosome from the mother and one copy of the Y chromosome inherited from the father.
Genes are arranged on the chromosomes. Genes are made of DNA and contain the instructions for building proteins and play a crucial part in making and maintain the body.
Locating a Gene
A standardized way of referring to the gene’s location on the chromosome is the cytogenetic location which consists of a combination of numbers and letters, and is made up of three components –
Cen – close to the centromere
Ter (terminus) – close to end of either the p or q arms
Tel (telomere) – close to end of either the p or q arms
For instance –
Gene: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase receptor
Chromosomal location: 2p23
Location description: chromosome 2, p arm, position 23
Chromosome vs. molecular locations
Chromosome location or cytogenic location is a way to describe the location of gene on the chromosome. Another way to identify the location of the gene is by using the molecular location.
The molecular location of the gene on a chromosome is described by the sequencing of the base pairs. The molecular location is more accurate nevertheless small variations in the address may occur between research groups as a result of varying genome sequencing methods.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
The two processes through which cells divide are mitosis and meiosis. Diploid cells consisting of two sets of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes divide in both the processes. What happens in mitosis is that the diploid “parent” cell divides and produces two diploid “daughter” cells.
On the other hand, in meiosis, the parent cell produces four haploid daughter cells each of which contains half of the parent cells chromosomes, or 23 chromosomes.
The significant difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells, whereas meiosis produces four genetically different daughter cells.
For both mitosis and meiosis the phases of cell division are similar, and both processes result in cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division of the daughter cells). in case of meiosis, the cycle occurs two times (meiosis I and meiosis II) before the four haploid daughter cells are produced.
Another distinction between the stages of mitosis and meiosis is that in meiosis, instead of chromatids homologous chromosomes pair up during metaphase. When it is a homologous pair, one chromosome comes from the mother while another chromosome comes from the father. Homologous chromosomes are quite similar but not identical. They carry the same genes (like hair or eye colour) but they may not code for the same trait (like blonde hair or brown eyes).
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